The origins of mental toughness as a concept, which can be traced back to the 1950s, have traditionally been closely associated with sports psychology and achieving sporting excellence. Pioneering research by Dr Peter Clough at the University of Hull and TCA Consultants, the firm behind mental toughness psychometric testing specialists AQR, has enabled mental toughness to be effectively measured and applied in occupational environments, such the workplace, as well as in sports psychology. As a result, an individual's mental toughness can be assessed and developed, enabling people to improve their mental toughness and increase their personal and professional performance.